Superposition (70/V9) Mac OS

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  1. Superposition (70/v9) Mac Os Catalina
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Superposition

Light, Sound and Waves

Superposition

Lesson for 16-19

Waves add together by superposition; that is, when two or more waves meet, the resultant is the algebraic sum of their displacements. Although this is a mathematical idea, this topic has many practical, hands-on activities once you begin to discuss the consequences of superposition (diffraction and interference effects). Since you will be working with light and sound, there are some great visual and audio effects.

You may come across two different approaches to this topic: a geometrical one and a conceptual one. The former starts with single slit diffraction, develops this to (Young's) two slits and thence to multiple slit diffraction gratings. The latter first investigates superposition itself, followed by ‘interference fringes' then diffraction.

Here we adopt the conceptual approach.

Up next

Preparation for superposition of waves topic

Light Sound and Waves

Episode 319: Preparation for superposition of waves topic

Teaching Guidance for 16-19

Many demos are suggested using many different types of wave motion. The first time you set these up keep diagrams or exact notes of what works best with the actual equipment you have to hand. This will save you time on the next occasion you teach this topic!

A stick wave machine is useful. It consists of two parallel strings with many sticks threaded on in the plane defined by the two strings. The strings are held at each end to provide sufficient tension. Giving the stick at one end a twist produces a slow ripple as the torsional wave travels down the strings.

Lasers

Superposition (70/v9) Mac Os Catalina

You will find it useful to work with lasers in some of the activities described here, so it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with any available lasers, and to ensure that you know how to use them safely.

Laser light is particularly suitable for optical work. He-Ne gas lasers used in schools and colleges have a wavelength of 633 nm. Laser lines and laser pointers can also be used, but check that they are Class 2 permitted for use in schools and colleges. Laser pointers tend to need new batteries quite often when used for experiments rather than pointing.

Laser diodes can now be bought from various suppliers. For example, a Class 2 laser diode from a reputable supplier can be run off a 3 V battery. It can be mounted it in a bracket 19 mm diameter. With a set of taps and dies put three bolt holes in it at 120 ° intervals and then put in three bolts. This gives an excellent mounting (and adjustment) system for the laser diode and also acts as a good heat sink, which is needed for fairly continuous operation. Make sure that a laser safety label is prominent alongside the device.

Safety with lasers

Never shine laser light directly into the eye, or allow it to reflect from a shiny surface. Direct the light onto the ceiling: all students in the room can see a spot. The beam has been diffusely reflected into all angles, so the intensity in any one direction is low and safe to view.

Ripple tanks

It's worth practicing with a ripple tank before going public in front of the class. Here are some tips for setting up a ripple tank with an OHP.

Add a single small drop of detergent to the water – this helps to wet the wave bar.

Superposition (70/v9) Mac Os Download

Adjust the position of the wave bar and/or its frequency so you get standing waves between it and the adjacent edge – the resulting increased amplitude of the wave bar helps to get better amplitude waves where you want them.

Use a variable power supply to control the illumination of the OHP for optimum contrast.

It's worth taking some care to level the tank – varying water depth leads to refraction if the wave bar in not perpendicular to the long axis of the tank. Even with good alignment, if the depth changes this leads to a change of wave speed and hence wavelength. (You will notice optimum standing waves when the wave bar is parallel to the short side.)

Superposition (70/v9) Mac Os Update

Main aims of this topic


Students will:

  • use the principle of superposition of waves to determine the resultant displacement of two or more waves
  • understand how diffraction and interference effects result from superposition
  • use the equations for single, double and multiple slit diffraction
  • use double and multiple slit diffraction to determine wavelength
  • explain how standing waves arise from travelling waves
  • use standing waves to determine wavelength and wave speed

Prior knowledge

Students should have studied the basic representation of sinusoidal waves. They should be familiar with the wave speed equationc = f × λ.

It will be helpful if they are familiar with some aspects of trigonometry (small angle approximations sin( θ ) ~ θ ~ tan θ , maximum value of sin( θ ) = 1 etc; simple triangle trigonometry).

Where this leads

The ideas of diffraction and interference can lead to an understanding of many different scientific instruments and measurement techniques – interferometers, spectrometers etc – used in many different branches of science.

Ideas of waves, including standing waves, proved vital in the development of quantum mechanics.

Mac OS X El Capitan: Being the 12th major release of macOS, Mac OS X El Capitan belongs to the Macintosh-Unix family of OS. It was majorly released for server OS for Macintosh computers and Apple Inc.'s desktop. Being the successor of OS X Yosemite, it mainly focuses on stability, performance, and security. There is a history in its name. Mac OS El Capitan was given its name behind a type of rock formation that is found in the Yosemite National Park, focusing its predefined goals towards a refined edition of Yosemite. It was the final version that was released beneath the name OS X, its successor, Sierra, was given the name under Mac OS X due to the reason that OS X is now named Mac OS.

License
Official Installer

File Size
5.7GB

Language
English

Developer
Apple Inc.


Mac OS El Capitan was released to manufacturing on 20th September 2015, almost three and a half years ago. Its latest version 10.11.6 (15G22010) was released on 9th July 2018, almost 7 months ago. It runs on the platform including x86-64. Mac OS El Capitan is preceded by OS X 10.10 Yosemite and it is succeeded by macOS 10.12 Sierra.

System requirements

Mac

All Macintosh PCs that can run Mountain Lion, Mavericks, or Yosemite can run El Capitan in spite of the fact that not the majority of its highlights will take a shot at more seasoned PCs. For instance, Apple noticed that the recently accessible Metal API is accessible on 'all Macs since 2012'.

The following computers can run mac OS el Capitan provided that they must have a ram of 2GB or more –

  • MacBook: Late 2008 or newer
  • MacBook Air: Late 2008 or newer
  • MacBook Pro: Mid 2007 or newer
  • Mac Mini: Early 2009 or newer
  • iMac: Mid 2007 or newer
  • Mac Pro: Early 2008 or newer
  • Xserve: Early 2009

Of these PCs, the accompanying models were outfitted with 1GB RAM as the standard alternative on the base model when they were sent initially. They can possibly run OS X El Capitan in the event that they have at any rate 2GB of RAM-

  • iMac: Mid 2007
  • iMac: Early 2008
  • Mac Mini: Early 2009

The accompanying PCs bolster highlights, for example, Handoff, Instant Hotspot, AirDrop between Mac PCs and iOS gadgets, just as the new Metal API:

  • iMac: Late 2012 or newer
  • MacBook: Early 2015 or newer
  • MacBook Air: Mid 2012 or newer
  • MacBook Pro: Mid 2012 or newer
  • Mac Mini: Late 2012 or newer
  • Mac Pro: Late 2013

The redesign differs in size contingent on which Apple Mac PC it is being introduced on, in many situations, it will require around 6 GB of plate space.

What is DMG File

DMG represents Disk picture document. It is much the same as the ISO record which keeps running on Windows yet it keeps running on Mac OS. DMG is area by a segment of optical stockpiling media. DMG record is utilized rather than an optical plate. It has .dmg augmentation. Past Disk Image File has .smi and .img augmentation which depends on New Disk Image Format (NDF). The present DMG document depends on Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF). Widespread Disk Image Format underpins Zlib, ADC, bzip2 pressure calculation. DMG record depends on figuring out however it's documentation isn't discharged by Apple Company. It is more secure than ISO record. Plate Image Files are distributed with a MIME kind of utilization which is known as x – apple circle picture. There are distinctive record frameworks inside circle picture.

What is ISO file

ISO document is the copy or file record that contains every one of the information of optical plate-like CD or DVD. It represents the International Standard Organization. It is utilized to duplicate the precise record in light of the fact that in typical duplicate, it needs header document yet in an ISO record, every one of the information including the header record is The ISO name is taken from ISO9660 on the grounds that this component is utilized in circles yet ISO record has UDF(ISO/IEC 13346) document framework is utilized which is generally utilized in DVDs and Blu-beam Disks. It accompanies .iso augmentation.

Installing Mac OS X El Capitan

The installation process of mac os el Capitan includes two methods. The first method is termed as an upgrade install, also known as the default method. The second method is known as a clean install.

Upgrade install-

Follow to below steps-

  • Visit the Mac App Store.
  • Locate the OS X El Capitan Page.
  • Click the Download button.
  • Follow the simple instructions to
  • complete the upgrade.
  • For users without broadband access, the upgrade is available at the local Apple store.

Clean install-

For a clean install, at first, you will need a bootable version of OS X El Capitan installer. After getting a bootable drive or device follow the steps to boot-

  1. Insert the device containing os X El Capitan installer.
  2. While holding down the option key, restart the system
  3. Select that particular device which contains the installer file.
  4. The system will start from the device containing the installer.
  5. Now, to erase the older version, click on disk utility and then click continue.
  6. After the start of disk utility, select the volume to erase and perform the further steps to format the selected drive.

Starting the installation process-

  1. With the startup volume deleted, you're currently prepared to start the establishment of OS X El Capitan.
  2. In the OS X utility window, select Install OS X, and snap the Continue catch. The installer will begin, despite the fact that it might take a couple of minutes.

Performing clean installation

  1. In the install os window, click the continue button.
  2. Read the terms and condition and agree with them.
  3. Select the target disk and click on the install option.
  4. Type your administrator password and click OK.
  5. The installer will duplicate the needed files and then restart.
  6. The progress bar will show the time required.
  7. After the installation, the system will restart. Follow the further guided steps to setup mac OS X El Capitan.

Mac OS X El Capitan setup process-

Mac

All Macintosh PCs that can run Mountain Lion, Mavericks, or Yosemite can run El Capitan in spite of the fact that not the majority of its highlights will take a shot at more seasoned PCs. For instance, Apple noticed that the recently accessible Metal API is accessible on 'all Macs since 2012'.

The following computers can run mac OS el Capitan provided that they must have a ram of 2GB or more –

  • MacBook: Late 2008 or newer
  • MacBook Air: Late 2008 or newer
  • MacBook Pro: Mid 2007 or newer
  • Mac Mini: Early 2009 or newer
  • iMac: Mid 2007 or newer
  • Mac Pro: Early 2008 or newer
  • Xserve: Early 2009

Of these PCs, the accompanying models were outfitted with 1GB RAM as the standard alternative on the base model when they were sent initially. They can possibly run OS X El Capitan in the event that they have at any rate 2GB of RAM-

  • iMac: Mid 2007
  • iMac: Early 2008
  • Mac Mini: Early 2009

The accompanying PCs bolster highlights, for example, Handoff, Instant Hotspot, AirDrop between Mac PCs and iOS gadgets, just as the new Metal API:

  • iMac: Late 2012 or newer
  • MacBook: Early 2015 or newer
  • MacBook Air: Mid 2012 or newer
  • MacBook Pro: Mid 2012 or newer
  • Mac Mini: Late 2012 or newer
  • Mac Pro: Late 2013

The redesign differs in size contingent on which Apple Mac PC it is being introduced on, in many situations, it will require around 6 GB of plate space.

What is DMG File

DMG represents Disk picture document. It is much the same as the ISO record which keeps running on Windows yet it keeps running on Mac OS. DMG is area by a segment of optical stockpiling media. DMG record is utilized rather than an optical plate. It has .dmg augmentation. Past Disk Image File has .smi and .img augmentation which depends on New Disk Image Format (NDF). The present DMG document depends on Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF). Widespread Disk Image Format underpins Zlib, ADC, bzip2 pressure calculation. DMG record depends on figuring out however it's documentation isn't discharged by Apple Company. It is more secure than ISO record. Plate Image Files are distributed with a MIME kind of utilization which is known as x – apple circle picture. There are distinctive record frameworks inside circle picture.

What is ISO file

ISO document is the copy or file record that contains every one of the information of optical plate-like CD or DVD. It represents the International Standard Organization. It is utilized to duplicate the precise record in light of the fact that in typical duplicate, it needs header document yet in an ISO record, every one of the information including the header record is The ISO name is taken from ISO9660 on the grounds that this component is utilized in circles yet ISO record has UDF(ISO/IEC 13346) document framework is utilized which is generally utilized in DVDs and Blu-beam Disks. It accompanies .iso augmentation.

Installing Mac OS X El Capitan

The installation process of mac os el Capitan includes two methods. The first method is termed as an upgrade install, also known as the default method. The second method is known as a clean install.

Upgrade install-

Follow to below steps-

  • Visit the Mac App Store.
  • Locate the OS X El Capitan Page.
  • Click the Download button.
  • Follow the simple instructions to
  • complete the upgrade.
  • For users without broadband access, the upgrade is available at the local Apple store.

Clean install-

For a clean install, at first, you will need a bootable version of OS X El Capitan installer. After getting a bootable drive or device follow the steps to boot-

  1. Insert the device containing os X El Capitan installer.
  2. While holding down the option key, restart the system
  3. Select that particular device which contains the installer file.
  4. The system will start from the device containing the installer.
  5. Now, to erase the older version, click on disk utility and then click continue.
  6. After the start of disk utility, select the volume to erase and perform the further steps to format the selected drive.

Starting the installation process-

  1. With the startup volume deleted, you're currently prepared to start the establishment of OS X El Capitan.
  2. In the OS X utility window, select Install OS X, and snap the Continue catch. The installer will begin, despite the fact that it might take a couple of minutes.

Performing clean installation

  1. In the install os window, click the continue button.
  2. Read the terms and condition and agree with them.
  3. Select the target disk and click on the install option.
  4. Type your administrator password and click OK.
  5. The installer will duplicate the needed files and then restart.
  6. The progress bar will show the time required.
  7. After the installation, the system will restart. Follow the further guided steps to setup mac OS X El Capitan.

Mac OS X El Capitan setup process-

  1. The Welcome screen shows, requesting that you select which nation your Mac will be utilized in. Make your choice from the rundown, and snap the Continue catch.
  2. Make your keyboard layout selection and press continue.
  3. The Transfer Information to This Mac window will show up. Here you can move existing information from a Mac, PC, or Time Machine reinforcement to the clean introduce of OS X El Capitan.
  4. Enable Location Services- By enabling this service, you are allowing the app to see the geographic location of your Mac.
  5. Select the further option from the drop-down menu.
  6. It's up to you whether you have to enter an Apple Id or create a new one in the first step.
  7. After that, read the agreement and agree to it.
  8. Create a Computer Account choice will show. This is the head account, so make certain to take note of the username and password word you chose.
  9. The Select Your Time Zone window will show. You can choose your time zone by tapping on the world guide or pick the nearest city from a rundown of real urban areas around the globe. Make your choice, and snap Continue.
  10. The Diagnostics and Usage window will inquire as to whether you wish to send data to Apple and its designers about issues that may happen with your Mac or its applications. Make your determination, and snap Continue

The setup procedure is finished. After a couple of minutes, you'll see the OS X El Capitan work area, which implies you're prepared to begin investigating the perfect establishment of your new OS.





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